There are additional negatively charged molecules in plasma besides chloride. Because these fluids are outside of cells, these fluids are also considered components of the ECF compartment. Clipping is a handy way to collect important slides you want to go back to later. Your body is mostly water. Otherwise, the venous blood pools in the lower limbs and can leak into surrounding tissues. It is most common in the soft tissues of the extremities. Found inside – Page 9503585 3586 PHYSIOLOGY PHYSIOLOGY FACTORS INFLUENCING INTRAT UBULAR PRESSURE DURING MEASUREMENT OF SINGLE NEPHRON ... Biophys . , Mayo Clinic , Rochester , MN 55901 In the dog , early proximal intratubular pressure ( Ppt ) falls during ... When blood volume decreases due to sweating, from what source is water taken in by the blood? Hydrostatic pressure, the force exerted by a fluid against a wall, causes movement of fluid between compartments. Active transport processes require ATP to move some solutes against their concentration gradients between compartments. Unit 5: Muscular System Student Learning Goals: I can identify smooth, skeletal, and cardiac muscle tissue under a microscope and state the function of each. Additionally, as water leaves the blood, it is replaced by the water in other tissues throughout your body that are not dehydrated. The first textbook to specifically target the scope of practice for advanced practice nurses and physician assistants With a focus on promoting sound clinical decision-making and a streamlined and highly accessible approach, this text for ... Mild, transient edema of the feet and legs may be caused by sitting or standing in the same position for long periods of time, as in the work of a toll collector or a supermarket cashier. The Science of Time Travel: The Secrets Behind Time Machines, Time Loops, Alternate Realities, and More! Most body fluids are neutral in charge. Gain a complete understanding of the aspects of pulmonary physiology essential to clinical medicine For more than thirty-five years, this trusted review has provided students, residents, and fellows with a solid background in the aspects of ... Aging well and actively is the real objective of human being. This book is an up-to-date and realistic view on physiopathological mechanisms of aging and age-related diseases. CLEAR, CONCISE, AND UP TO DATE Here is a direct, highly-readable way for students to gain a fundamental knowledge and basic understanding of cardiovascular physiology. &¯ÍIÊlEAlPÔK@8þJÝ ¬$áç-øü=Pßbðóøo =½Sò ... which carries blood from the renal artery into the glomerulus divides to form a capillary network. Overall, the ICF contains high concentrations of potassium and phosphate (HPO42−HPO42−), whereas both plasma and the ECF contain high concentrations of sodium and chloride. For example, glucose is transferred into cells by glucose transporters that use facilitated transport (Figure 26.1.7). A basic example is the "to do list".A more advanced checklist would be a schedule, which lays out tasks to be done according to time of day or other factors. Plasma contains more sodium than chloride. PHYSIOLOGY Under normal conditions, insulin and β-adrenergic tone also make important contributions in maintaining internal distribution of K+. The mean arterial pressure is a function of (1) the rate at which the heart pumps blood into the large arteries, (2) the rate of blood flow out of the large arteries to enter smaller arteries and arterioles, and (3) arterial wall compliance. What happens in the tissue when capillary blood pressure is less than osmotic pressure? Although sodium and potassium can “leak” through “pores” into and out of cells, respectively, the high levels of potassium and low levels of sodium in the ICF are maintained by sodium-potassium pumps in the cell membranes. Looks like you’ve clipped this slide to already. The hydrostatic pressure of blood is the pressure exerted by blood against the walls of the blood vessels by the pumping action of the heart. One quick way to check for subcutaneous edema localized in a limb is to press a finger into the suspected area. The body has other water-based ECF. Watch this video to see an explanation of the dynamics of fluid in the body’s compartments. Osmosis is basically the diffusion of water from regions of higher concentration to regions of lower concentration, along an osmotic gradient across a semi-permeable membrane. If you continue browsing the site, you agree to the use of cookies on this website. Gases, nutrients, and waste materials travel between capillaries and cells through the IF. In the limbs, the symptoms of edema include swelling of the subcutaneous tissues, an increase in the normal size of the limb, and stretched, tight skin. Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance. This 14th edition of the phenomenally successful Principles of Anatomy and Physiology continues to set the standard for the discipline. guided by : Extracellular fluid (ECF) surrounds all cells in the body. Blood plasma has high concentrations of sodium, chloride, bicarbonate, and protein. Start studying anatomy and physiology 2 blood. ; I can identify the component parts of a muscle: fascicle, myofibril, fiber, nucleus of cell, body of muscle. Thus, cations, or positively charged ions, and anions, or negatively charged ions, are balanced in fluids. We now know that prolactin is not as simple as originally described. The patient's blood pressure and pulse must be monitored; the systolic blood pressure must be maintained above 100 mm Hg and, optimally, below 140 mm Hg. In the body, water moves through semi-permeable membranes of cells and from one compartment of the body to another by a process called osmosis. Found inside – Page 194No coag . on Albumoses HNO , ppt . in cold , sol . by heat . boiling Peptones Pink biuret reaction in filtrate ... into the vascular system , produce profound changes - loss of coagulability , fall of blood - pressure , and death . Brunner is known for its strong Nursing Process focus and its readability. This edition retains these strengths and incorporates enhanced visual appeal and better portability for students. The ICF lies within cells and is the principal component of the cytosol/cytoplasm. By the end of this section, you will be able to: The chemical reactions of life take place in aqueous solutions. Hall, William C. Rose. The IF has high concentrations of sodium, chloride, and bicarbonate, but a relatively lower concentration of protein. Passive transport of a molecule or ion depends on its ability to pass through the membrane, as well as the existence of a concentration gradient that allows the molecules to diffuse from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. This process causes loss of water from the blood to the surrounding tissues, resulting in edema. Now, in this comprehensive edition of the complete Ask Dr. Weil book series, he offers guidance on the issues that matter to us most, including Women's Health -- How can I fight PMS naturally? -- What are the best methods of birth control? Your brain and kidneys have the highest proportions of water, which composes 80–85 percent of their masses. The dissolved substances in a solution are called solutes. Other therapies include elevation of the affected part to assist drainage, massage and compression of the areas to move the fluid out of the tissues, and decreased salt intake to decrease sodium and water retention. This new edition provides comprehensively updated andrevised information on how and whom to treat. The physiological causes of edema include water leakage from blood capillaries. If the amount of water inside a cell falls to a value that is too low, the cytosol becomes too concentrated with solutes to carry on normal cellular activities; if too much water enters a cell, the cell may burst and be destroyed. The purpose of this book is to provide nurses and other health workers with knowledge of the structure and functions of the human body and the changes that take place when diseases disrupt normal processes. BLOOD This process does not require energy. The resulting increased hydrostatic pressure within pulmonary capillaries, as blood is still coming in from the pulmonary arteries, causes fluid to be pushed out of them and into lung tissues. Approximately 20 percent of the ECF is found in plasma. Description. The Chemical Level of Organization, Chapter 3. These include the cerebrospinal fluid that bathes the brain and spinal cord, lymph, the synovial fluid in joints, the pleural fluid in the pleural cavities, the pericardial fluid in the cardiac sac, the peritoneal fluid in the peritoneal cavity, and the aqueous humor of the eye. ... Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology Michelle Provost-Craig, Susan J. For example, the sodium-potassium pump employs active transport to pump sodium out of cells and potassium into cells, with both substances moving against their concentration gradients. Also, label the green hexagonal substances, Lindsay M. Biga, Sierra Dawson, Amy Harwell, Robin Hopkins, Joel Kaufmann, Mike LeMaster, Philip Matern, Katie Morrison-Graham, Devon Quick & Jon Runyeon, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, Explain the importance of water in the body, Contrast the composition of the intracellular fluid with that of the extracellular fluid, Explain the importance of protein channels in the movement of solutes, Identify the causes and symptoms of edema. The osmotic pressure results from differences in solute concentrations across cell membranes. 2. Both students and lecturers of cardiovascular and exercise physiology, medicine, dentistry and biomedical sciences will find this book informative and easy to read. Each chapter has numerous summary boxes. Fluid also moves between compartments along an osmotic gradient. This book systematically focuses on central sleep apneas, analyzing their relationship especially with heart failure and discussing recent research results and emerging treatment strategies based on feedback modulation. Choose the game quiz you like and play as many times as you want Total-body K+ content is determined by changes in excretion of K+ by the kidneys in response to intake levels. This new edition of the practice guidelines on psychiatric evaluation for adults is the first set of the APA's guidelines developed under the new guideline development process. dose, mg/kg 10-1100101102103104 % response 0 20 40 60 80 100 A B Y-axis: % of max. Chronic kidney disease (CKD)—or chronic renal failure (CRF), as it was historically termed—is a term that encompasses all degrees of decreased renal function, from damaged–at risk through mild, moderate, and severe chronic kidney failure. An Introduction to the Human Body, Chapter 2. Download to read offline and view in fullscreen. The Lymphatic and Immune System, Chapter 26. The process of artificially filtering waste products from the patient's blood is known as _____. The movement of some solutes between compartments is active, which consumes energy and is an active transport process, whereas the movement of other solutes is passive, which does not require energy. For instance, sodium ions (Na+) and chloride ions (Cl–) are often referred to as electrolytes. Activities that can reduce the effects of the condition include appropriate exercises to keep the blood and lymph flowing through the affected areas. Plasma travels through the body in blood vessels and transports a range of materials, including blood cells, proteins (including clotting factors and antibodies), electrolytes, nutrients, gases, and wastes. miss . Written by expert authors, Chronic Kidney Disease and Hypertension provides an up-to-date perspective on management and treatment and how it may re-shape practice approaches tomorrow. Fluid is moved by a combination of osmotic and hydrostatic pressures. The surplus fluid in the interstitial space that is not returned directly back to the capillaries is drained from tissues by the lymphatic system, and then re-enters the vascular system at the subclavian veins. Fluid and the cellular wastes in the tissues enter the capillaries at the venule end, where the hydrostatic pressure is less than the osmotic pressure in the vessel. BARAKATHU PEER FATHIMA The Nervous System and Nervous Tissue, Chapter 13. Anatomy and Physiology (previously known as A is for Anatomy (1988-1993) and Anatomy (2007-2015) in Division B) is an event which tests students' knowledge about the anatomy and physiology of various systems in the human body.Division B and Division C will both typically concentrate on three systems, which change each year. 2003. The book provides a comprehensive overview of selected topics in microcirculation, from physiology to pathophysiology including molecular mechanisms and clinical aspects. This is the essential guide leaders and their employees need to create more just workplaces and establish new norms of collaboration and respect. Chapter 1. Fundamentals of Exercise Physiology, 2nd ed. Bone Tissue and the Skeletal System, Chapter 12. This volume presents the available evidence on home blood pressure monitoring, discusses its strengths and limitations, and presents strategies for its optimal implementation in clinical practice. Now customize the name of a clipboard to store your clips. The compositions of the two components of the ECF—plasma and IF—are more similar to each other than either is to the ICF (Figure 26.1.4). In the body, water moves by osmosis from plasma to the IF (and the reverse) and from the IF to the ICF (and the reverse). People with pulmonary edema likely will experience difficulty breathing, and they may experience chest pain. Tymchenko svetlana 2. The actual blood pressure reduction from lower salt consumption could vary from the base-case assumption, as could the costs of the education campaign. The Cardiovascular System: Blood, Chapter 19. Specific topics about each system vary by test difficulty, … This book, Muscle Cell and Tissue - Current Status of Research Field, deals with current progress and perspectives in a variety of topics on the skeletal and smooth muscle, stem cells, regeneration, disease or therapeutics. Edema is almost always caused by an underlying medical condition, by the use of certain therapeutic drugs, by pregnancy, by localized injury, or by an allergic reaction. The hydrostatic pressure of blood is the pressure exerted by blood against the walls of the blood vessels by the pumping action of the heart. Other causes of edema include damage to blood vessels and/or lymphatic vessels, or a decrease in osmotic pressure in chronic and severe liver disease, where the liver is unable to manufacture plasma proteins (Figure 28.1.8). As a result, water will move into and out of cells and tissues, depending on the relative concentrations of the water and solutes found there. INDIA It helps to ensure consistency and completeness in carrying out a task. The intracellular fluid (ICF) compartment is the system that includes all fluid enclosed in cells by their plasma membranes. This condition can be caused by many factors, including a sudden drop in blood volume or blood pressure due to injury orsurgery. The book presents a comprehensive review of the major concepts of biomechanics and summarizes them in nine principles of biomechanics. ProProfs, one of the popular quiz builder platforms, has more than 825 medical quizzes which have already been played around 1711059 times. • Air to flow into the lungs, the pressure inside the alveoli must become lower than the atmospheric pressure. Diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS) is a non-invasive optical technology for the assessment of an index of cerebral blood flow (CBFi). Pulmonary edema is excess fluid in the air sacs of the lungs, a common symptom of heart and/or kidney failure. Focus on the essential what, how, & why of human anatomy & physiology. Sweating depletes your tissues of water and increases the solute concentration in those tissues. Respiratory anatomy(1) ... the air pressure inside the lungs is equal to the air pressure of the atmosphere, which is about 760 mmHg. The SlideShare family just got bigger. In the human body, solutes vary in different parts of the body, but may include proteins—including those that transport lipids, carbohydrates, and, very importantly, electrolytes. Some of these molecules enter and leave cells using facilitated transport, whereby the molecules move down a concentration gradient through specific protein channels in the membrane. In contrast, the ICF has elevated amounts of potassium, phosphate, magnesium, and protein. Fluid enters the capillaries from interstitial spaces. Extracellular fluid has two primary constituents: the fluid component of the blood (called plasma) and the interstitial fluid (IF) that surrounds all cells not in the blood (Figure 26.1.2). If this continues, dehydration spreads throughout the body. When a dehydrated person drinks water and rehydrates, the water is redistributed by the same gradient, but in the opposite direction, replenishing water in all of the tissues. Comprehensive and authoritative, Hypertension in the Elderly offers family practitioners and general internists an up-to-date, user-friendly reference on the diagnosis, treatment, and complications of hypertension in the elderly. The serial is well-established as an extensive documentation of contemporary advances in the field. The volumes contain authoritative reviews and original articles by invited specialists. It uses chemical reactions to determine the levels of various chemical compounds in bodily … The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels and Circulation, Chapter 21. For example, if you are sweating, you will lose water through your skin. Blood Physiology - Ppt 1. Another example is when you maintain your blood glucose concentration at a constant level (at 5 mM). endstream endobj 481 0 obj<> endobj 482 0 obj<> endobj 483 0 obj<>/ColorSpace<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageC]/ExtGState<>>> endobj 484 0 obj<> endobj 485 0 obj<> endobj 486 0 obj[/ICCBased 493 0 R] endobj 487 0 obj<> endobj 488 0 obj<> endobj 489 0 obj<> endobj 490 0 obj<>stream Therapy for edema usually focuses on elimination of the cause. nephrolysis. The ICF makes up about 60 percent of the total water in the human body, and in an average-size adult male, the ICF accounts for about 25 liters (seven gallons) of fluid (Figure 26.1.3). FIRST CHOICE FOR PULMONARY PHYSIOLOGY * Offers a tried-and-trusted route to learning pulmonary physiology * Provides you with objectives at the start of every chapter * Summarizes key concepts at the end of each chapter with locators ... Create your free account to read unlimited documents. This practical book provides a concise tutorial of all the essential aspects of cardiovascular hemodynamics and the techniques used to assess cardiovascular performance. The book presents a novel approach to the problem of cardiovascular disease, showing it in relation to great vessels disease and revealing a comprehensive approach to the problem of increased rigidity of the great vessels, its causes, and ... Analytical methods that model the head as a three-layered medium (i.e., scalp, skull, brain) are becoming more commonly used to minimize the contribution of extracerebral layers to the measured DCS signal in adult cerebral blood flow studies. How can this be if individual ions of sodium and chloride exactly balance each other out, and plasma is electrically neutral? Total-body potassium (K+) content and appropriate distribution of K+ across the cell membrane is vitally important for normal cellular function. The new 8th Edition provides a single place to look for the most recent and most trustworthy recommendations on quality care of pregnant women, their fetuses, and their neonates. Medications that can result in edema include vasodilators, calcium channel blockers used to treat hypertension, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, estrogen therapies, and some diabetes medications. yLÊ` If you continue browsing the site, you agree to the use of cookies on this website. Robergs and Keteyian. This fluid volume tends to be very stable, because the amount of water in living cells is closely regulated. The Peripheral Nervous System, Chapter 18. Physiological Basis for Exercise and Sport, 6th ed. 1998. Recall that an osmotic gradient is produced by the difference in concentration of all solutes on either side of a semi-permeable membrane. As seen in the previous graph, sodium (Na+) ions and chloride (Cl–) ions are concentrated in the ECF of the body, whereas potassium (K+) ions are concentrated inside cells. HUMsH½ó+ú)k. Hydrostatic pressure is the force exerted by a fluid against a wall and causes movement of fluid between compartments. Done by : Logic Modeling Methods in Program Evaluation is an important resource for anyone who wants to have a better understanding of the application of the logic model. 1. In the body, water moves constantly into and out of fluid compartments as conditions change in different parts of the body. This e-book will review special features of the cerebral circulation and how they contribute to the physiology of the brain. This is because deep veins in the lower limbs rely on skeletal muscle contractions to push on the veins and thus “pump” blood back to the heart. This publication is intended to contribute to prevention and control of the morbidity and mortality associated with dengue and to serve as an authoritative reference source for health workers and researchers. muscle actions B. Place a small drop of blood, or one side about 1-2 cm from one end. Prolactin is a protein hormone of the anterior pituitary gland that was originally named for its ability to promote lactation in response to the suckling stimulus of hungry young mammals. The magnitude of the osmotic gradient is proportional to the difference in the concentration of solutes on one side of the cell membrane to that on the other side. Watch this video to learn more about body fluids, fluid compartments, and electrolytes. Cardiology : Welcome to theheart.org | Medscape Cardiology, where you can peruse the latest medical news, commentary from clinician experts, major … SlideShare uses cookies to improve functionality and performance, and to provide you with relevant advertising. The major function of blood is transport. Extreme dehydration can result in kidney failure. Grasp key concepts quickly with the visual, concise, and clinical approach to physiology found in this second edition of Netter’s Essential Physiology. The ECF accounts for the other one-third of the body’s water content. In pulmonary edema resulting from heart failure, excessive leakage of water occurs because fluids get “backed up” in the pulmonary capillaries of the lungs, when the left ventricle of the heart is unable to pump sufficient blood into the systemic circulation. In contrast, teeth have the lowest proportion of water, at 8–10 percent. Watch this video to see an explanation of the dynamics of fluid in the body’s compartments. blood sugar levels tests Taking 2 tablespoons before bedtime can reduce your morning fasting sugar levels. Create your free account to continue reading. Hydrostatic pressure results from the pressure of blood as it enters a capillary system, forcing some fluid out of the vessel into the surrounding tissues. 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Label the structures found at the site of gas exchange. mg/kg or molar concentration) (plotted as log base 10) Can derive lethal dose (LD 50), toxic dose (TD 50), effective dose (ED 50) values from dose-response data. **EDITOR’S NOTE: Add adipose tissue (~10%) to figure**, **EDITOR’S NOTE: Add a bracket enlosing “Plasma” and “Interstitial Fluid (IF)” and call the bracket “Extracellular Fluid (ECF).”, **EDITOR’S NOTE: I graph legend instead of saying Plasma (ECF), instead say “Plasma (part of ECF)”, **EDITOR’S NOTE: This figure would benefit from more detail. The Cellular Level of Organization, Chapter 4. In addition, the book is highly illustrated with line drawings and photographs which help to reinforce explanations and examples. How is fluid moved from compartment to compartment? Filtration pressure squeezes fluid from the plasma in the blood to the IF surrounding the tissue cells. Body fluids can be discussed in terms of their specific fluid compartment, a location that is largely separate from another compartment by some form of a physical barrier. Cells are separated from the IF by a selectively permeable cell membrane that helps regulate the passage of materials between the IF and the interior of the cell. The care of the patient forms the core of this text, which provides perspectives on epidemiology, pathophysiology, and diagnosis that every pediatrician, cardiologist, family physician, and pediatric nurse needs to know. The additional sodium balances the total negative charges. This is the newest volume in the softcover series "Update in Intensive Care Medicine". As this happens, water diffuses from your blood into sweat glands and surrounding skin tissues that have become dehydrated because of the osmotic gradient. Tymchenko svetlana. Anatomy & Physiology by Lindsay M. Biga, Sierra Dawson, Amy Harwell, Robin Hopkins, Joel Kaufmann, Mike LeMaster, Philip Matern, Katie Morrison-Graham, Devon Quick & Jon Runyeon is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. Underlying medical conditions that can contribute to edema include congestive heart failure, kidney damage and kidney disease, disorders that affect the veins of the legs, and cirrhosis and other liver disorders. These capillaries re-unite to form the efferent arteriole, through which blood leaves the glomerulus. An appropriate balance of solutes inside and outside of cells must be maintained to ensure normal function. If the cytosol becomes too dilute due to water intake by cells, cell membranes can be damaged, and the cell can burst. The Tissue Level of Organization, Chapter 6. 3. response (linear in middle range) X-axis: dose (e.g. 1.2 Structural Organization of the Human Body, 2.1 Elements and Atoms: The Building Blocks of Matter, 2.4 Inorganic Compounds Essential to Human Functioning, 2.5 Organic Compounds Essential to Human Functioning, 3.2 The Cytoplasm and Cellular Organelles, 4.3 Connective Tissue Supports and Protects, 5.3 Functions of the Integumentary System, 5.4 Diseases, Disorders, and Injuries of the Integumentary System, 6.6 Exercise, Nutrition, Hormones, and Bone Tissue, 6.7 Calcium Homeostasis: Interactions of the Skeletal System and Other Organ Systems, 7.6 Embryonic Development of the Axial Skeleton, 8.5 Development of the Appendicular Skeleton, 10.3 Muscle Fiber Excitation, Contraction, and Relaxation, 10.4 Nervous System Control of Muscle Tension, 10.8 Development and Regeneration of Muscle Tissue, 11.1 Describe the roles of agonists, antagonists and synergists, 11.2 Explain the organization of muscle fascicles and their role in generating force, 11.3 Explain the criteria used to name skeletal muscles, 11.4 Identify the skeletal muscles and give their origins, insertions, actions and innervations, 12.1 Structure and Function of the Nervous System, 13.4 Relationship of the PNS to the Spinal Cord of the CNS, 13.6 Testing the Spinal Nerves (Sensory and Motor Exams), 14.2 Blood Flow the meninges and Cerebrospinal Fluid Production and Circulation, 16.1 Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System, 16.4 Drugs that Affect the Autonomic System, 17.3 The Pituitary Gland and Hypothalamus, 17.10 Organs with Secondary Endocrine Functions, 17.11 Development and Aging of the Endocrine System, 19.2 Cardiac Muscle and Electrical Activity, 20.1 Structure and Function of Blood Vessels, 20.2 Blood Flow, Blood Pressure, and Resistance, 20.4 Homeostatic Regulation of the Vascular System, 20.6 Development of Blood Vessels and Fetal Circulation, 21.1 Anatomy of the Lymphatic and Immune Systems, 21.2 Barrier Defenses and the Innate Immune Response, 21.3 The Adaptive Immune Response: T lymphocytes and Their Functional Types, 21.4 The Adaptive Immune Response: B-lymphocytes and Antibodies, 21.5 The Immune Response against Pathogens, 21.6 Diseases Associated with Depressed or Overactive Immune Responses, 21.7 Transplantation and Cancer Immunology, 22.1 Organs and Structures of the Respiratory System, 22.6 Modifications in Respiratory Functions, 22.7 Embryonic Development of the Respiratory System, 23.2 Digestive System Processes and Regulation, 23.5 Accessory Organs in Digestion: The Liver, Pancreas, and Gallbladder, 23.7 Chemical Digestion and Absorption: A Closer Look, 25.1 Internal and External Anatomy of the Kidney, 25.2 Microscopic Anatomy of the Kidney: Anatomy of the Nephron, 25.3 Physiology of Urine Formation: Overview, 25.4 Physiology of Urine Formation: Glomerular Filtration, 25.5 Physiology of Urine Formation: Tubular Reabsorption and Secretion, 25.6 Physiology of Urine Formation: Medullary Concentration Gradient, 25.7 Physiology of Urine Formation: Regulation of Fluid Volume and Composition, 27.3 Physiology of the Female Sexual System, 27.4 Physiology of the Male Sexual System, 28.4 Maternal Changes During Pregnancy, Labor, and Birth, 28.5 Adjustments of the Infant at Birth and Postnatal Stages.
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