first satellite in space

It was just the latest Soviet space first, going back to Sputnik, the first artificial Earth satellite, in October 1957. NSSA CEO, Dr. Mohammed Al Aseeri confirmed that The Kingdom of Bahrain has started building satellites and the launch date of the first satellite will be announced by the end of this year, probably during National Day celebrations! Theory Of Satellite Fragmentation In Orbit South Korea launched its first domestically produced space rocket on Thursday but failed to deliver a test satellite into orbit after the rocket's final stage shut down early, according to Reuters.. Why it matters: The test of its Nuri — or "world" — rocket was a major step forward for South Korea, an up-and-coming space power, but shows that it still has room for improvement in future trials. Australis OSCAR 5: The Improbable Story of Australia's First ... Made possible by advances in technology, Sputnik was only the beginning and since then the number of satellites in orbit has rocketed, with over 6,000 being launched in the years that have followed. [47] Tracking of the booster during launch had to be accomplished through purely passive means such as visual coverage and radar detection. Borisov, where reception of Sputnik 1's "beep-beep-beep" tones confirmed the satellite's successful deployment. This data would be valuable in the creation of future artificial satellites; a system of ground stations was to be developed to collect data transmitted by the satellite, observe the satellite's orbit, and transmit commands to the satellite. Winner of the Luigi Napolitano Award (2006) from the International Academy of Astronautics This book presents the fascinating story of the events that paved the way to space. Following the years since the first Sputnik launch, here is a brief timeline of events: – November 3, 1957 – the Soviet Union launched Sputnik 2, with a dog on board. The U.S. Defense Department responded to the political and public furor over the Sputnik satellites by approving funding for another U.S. satellite project. Explorer 1 was sent into space on a rocket launcher named Juno. satellite The "Nudol" anti-ballistic missile system had not destroyed a target before. What Was First Satellite In Space? America's first photo reconnaissance satellite Nearly 63 years ago, on October 4, 1957, the former Soviet Union launched Sputnik 1, the first artificial satellite to be successfully placed in orbit around Earth. Space in Africa. [38][39], On 22 September a modified R-7 rocket, named Sputnik and indexed as 8K71PS,[40] arrived at the proving ground and preparations for the launch of PS-1 began. [18] On 30 August Vasily Ryabikov—the head of the State Commission on the R-7 rocket test launches—held a meeting where Korolev presented calculation data for a spaceflight trajectory to the Moon. [113], The flag of the Russian city of Kaluga, which, due to its importance as Konstantin Tsiolkovsky's birthplace, is very focused on space, features a small Sputnik in the canton. Harrison Storms, the North American designer who was responsible for the X-15 rocket plane, and went on to head the effort to design the Apollo command and service module and Saturn V launch vehicle's second stage, was moved by the launch of Sputnik to think of space as being the next step for America. [19], On 30 January 1956 the Council of Ministers approved practical work on an artificial Earth-orbiting satellite. First NASA has also been involved in a variety of other earth science efforts as well, such as the Earth Observation System of spacecraft and data processing that has yielded important scientific results in tropical deforestation, global warming, and climate change. [108], Sputnik also inspired a generation of engineers and scientists. PSU students prep Oregon’s first satellite for space ... The Soviet Union launched it into an elliptical low Earth orbit on 4 October 1957. [50] The satellite was a 585-millimetre (23.0 in) diameter sphere, assembled from two hemispheres that were hermetically sealed with O-rings and connected by 36 bolts. November 3 - The Soviet spacecraft Sputnik 2 was launched with a dog named Laika on board. This led them and APL to develop the TRANSIT system,[125] a forerunner of modern Global Positioning System (GPS) satellites. Airbus has been selected by the European Commission to study spacecraft manufacturing in space through the Horizon 2020 Programme. March 22, 2021. This satellite carried a small scientific payload that eventually discovered magnetic radiation belts around the Earth. The Soviets had kept quiet about their earlier accomplishments in rocketry, fearing that it would lead to secrets being revealed and failures being exploited by the West. [70], News reports at the time pointed out that "anyone possessing a short wave receiver can hear the new Russian earth satellite as it hurtles over this area of the globe. The United States' first satellite, Explorer 1, is launched into orbit by a Jupiter C rocket on Jan. 31, 1958. [25] The launch of two satellites, PS-1 and PS-2, with two R-7 rockets (8K71), was approved, provided that the R-7 completed at least two successful test flights. [64] They waited about 90 minutes to ensure that the satellite had made one orbit and was transmitting before Korolev called Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev. JPL is a federally funded research and development center managed for The rocket, however, was deemed suitable for satellite launches, and Korolev was able to convince the State Commission to allow the use of the next R-7 to launch PS-1,[37] allowing the delay in the rocket's military exploitation to launch the PS-1 and PS-2 satellites. First satellite launched by New Zealand launcher. Explorer 1 was the first U.S. satellite and the first satellite to carry scientific instruments. ThoughtCo, Feb. 16, 2021, thoughtco.com/history-of-satellites-4070932. The new satellite would be simple, light (100 kg or 220 lb), and easy to construct, forgoing the complex, heavy scientific equipment in favour of a simple radio transmitter. [44] These tracking stations were located at Tyuratam, Sary-Shagan, Yeniseysk, Klyuchi, Yelizovo, Makat in Guryev Oblast, and Ishkup in Krasnoyarsk Krai. On 14 June 1956, Korolev decided to adapt the R-7 rocket to the 'Object D' (Sputnik 3),[32] that would later be replaced by the much lighter 'Object PS' (Sputnik 1). [14], On 17 December 1954, chief Soviet rocket scientist Sergei Korolev proposed a developmental plan for an artificial satellite to the Minister of the Defense Industry, Dimitri Ustinov. It was a 58 cm (23 in) diameter polished metal sphere, with four external radio antennas to broadcast radio pulses. [28] At the time, the R-7 was known to NATO sources as the T-3 or M-104,[29] and Type A. Scientists knew that cycles of solar activity would be at a high point at this time. Sputnik 1 (/ˈspʌtnɪk, ˈspʊtnɪk/; see § Etymology) was the first artificial Earth satellite. Nigeria’s national space policy was approved in 2001 and culminated in the launch of the country’s first satellite, NigeriaSat-1, in 2003. [65] A small highly polished sphere, the satellite was barely visible at sixth magnitude, and thus harder to follow optically. [49], The chief constructor of Sputnik 1 at OKB-1 was Mikhail S. The TIROS-1 satellite. [2], At 19.9 seconds after engine cut-off, PS-1 separated from the second stage[2] and the satellite's transmitter was activated. Laika did not survive the voyage. This is a unique attempt to visualise space exploration1s future through the eyes of Russian space engineers and to describe that nation1s plans in space. They provide near continuous bent pipe information relay services to many missions. [85][89] An advanced research group was assembled for military purposes. October 4 - The Soviet Union launched the first satellite, Sputnik, into space. In the gantry at Space Launch Complex 26 at the Cape Canaveral Missile Annex (now Cape Canaveral Air Force Station), a technician lowers the Explorer 1 satellite onto the launch vehicle's fourth stage motor. Measured magnetic field phenomena, solar flare particles, and ionization in the interplanetary region. The Director of the APL gave them access to their UNIVAC to do the heavy calculations required. It was an event that galvanized the world and spurred the fledgling U.S. space effort into high gear. The White House announced plans to launch an Earth-orbiting satellite for the IGY in July 1955. [50], The control system of the Sputnik rocket was adjusted to an intended orbit of 223 by 1,450 km (139 by 901 mi), with an orbital period of 101.5 minutes. A fire began in the Blok D strap-on almost immediately at liftoff, but the booster continued flying until 98 seconds after launch when the strap-on broke away and the vehicle crashed some 400 km (250 mi) downrange. "[73] The first recording of Sputnik 1's signal was made by RCA engineers near Riverhead, Long Island. Vanguard 1 (USA, Mar. The Leapfroggers, too, is an outcome of the same spirit. Featured in the book is Dr A.P.J. Abdul Kalam, the first Project Director of SLV-3, India's most prestigious space project in the 1970s. This book tells vividly the story of that man, Sergei Korolev, in remarkable detail, with many facts and anecdotes previously unavailable to the West."-Sergei Khrushchev, Visiting Senior Fellow, Center for Foreign Policy Development. It is hard to recall the atmosphere of the time. The United States' first satellite, Explorer 1, launches into orbit atop a Jupiter-C rocket on Jan. 31, 1958. The launch ushered in new political, military, technological, and scientific developments and marked the beginning of the space race between the U.S.and the U.S.S.R. Unlike Energia's unit, it has no internal components, but it does have casings and molded fittings inside (as well as evidence of battery wear), which suggests[according to whom?] The first Omani satellite in space will be the result of cooperation in developing a CubeSat between Omani company ETCO that operates in the advanced technology sector and Polish companies Tuatara and SatRevolution, kickstarting an innovative project that will place the sultanate firmly on the map of the global space industry. 1977: The Voyager program launches the first satellites to reach interstellar space. The satellite, which is no bigger than a shoebox, is the first made in Western Australia to be launched into space, the product of more than four years’ worth of research. The launch vehicle uses four 75-ton liquid engines in stage 1, a 75-ton liquid engine in … R-7 test launches demonstrated that the tracking cameras were only good up to an altitude of 200 km (120 mi), but radar could track it for almost 500 km (310 mi). Albania’s first satellite dubbed Albania 1 will be sent into orbit in March 2022. Data from stations were transmitted by telegraphs into NII-4 where ballistics specialists calculated orbital parameters. In a relatively short work of 1923, Hermann Oberth laid down the mathematical laws governing rocketry and spaceflight, and he offered practical design considerations based on those laws. The government's statement emphasized that the satellite program was intended to be the U.S. contribution to the IGY and that the scientific data was to benefit scientists of all nations. As a simultaneous alternative to Vanguard, Wernher von Braun and his Army Redstone Arsenal team began work on a satellite that would become known as Explorer. [80] However, when the Soviet Union launched Sputnik 2, containing the dog Laika, the media narrative returned to one of anti-communism and many people sent protests to the Russian embassy and the RSPCA. On 15 February 1957 the Council of Ministers of the USSR approved this simple satellite, designated 'Object PS'. Bottom line: The world’s first wooden satellite, WISA Woodsat, will launch from New Zealand in November 2021, and could provide a new cost … [123] They were made to test ground electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) and electromagnetic interference (EMI).[123]. Korolev forwarded a report by Mikhail Tikhonravov, with an overview of similar projects abroad. The First Satellite Navigation System Beeping radio signals from Sputnik inspired the idea of using satellites to navigate. This book offers a survey of the contribution of satellite data to the study of the ocean, focusing on the special insights that only satellite data can bring to oceanography. The world's first artificial satellite was about the size of a beach ball (58 cm.or 22.8 inches in diameter), weighed only 83.6 kg. Mary Bellis covered inventions and inventors for ThoughtCo for 18 years. It transmitted on 20.005 and 40.002 MHz,[12] which were monitored by radio operators throughout the world. Two of these batteries powered the radio transmitter and one powered the temperature regulation system. [17] Four days later, Leonid Sedov, a leading Soviet physicist, announced that they too would launch an artificial satellite. “ETRSS-1, the first Ethiopian Earth Observation Satellite, has been an eye-opening experience for the Ethiopian Space Program and the development of satellite technology in the country”, said Mr Teshome Toga. Sputnik 1 or Elementary Satellite-1 was the first artificial Earth satellite. The two cesium atomic clocks on board helped to show that satellite navigation based on precise timing was possible. Posted by BeauHD on Thursday November 18, 2021 @10:30PM from the propellant-of-the-future dept. In Keep Watching the Skies!, Patrick McCray tells the story of this network of pioneers who, fueled by civic pride and exhilarated by space exploration, took part in the twentieth century's biggest scientific endeavor. Bellis, Mary. BETHESDA, Md. Sputnik 1: The First Satellite in Space. Deployable reflective panels were placed on the booster in order to increase its visibility for tracking. Iodine performed better than the traditional … Before work was completed, however, the Soviet Union launched a second satellite, Sputnik 2, on 3 November 1957. This resulted in an initial orbit of 223 km (139 mi) by 950 km (590 mi), with an apogee approximately 500 km (310 mi) lower than intended, and an inclination of 65.10° and a period of 96.20 minutes. [15] Tikhonravov had emphasized that the launch of an orbital satellite was an inevitable stage in the development of rocket technology. The rocket's core boosted the dummy warhead to the target altitude and velocity, reentered the atmosphere, and broke apart at a height of 10 km (6.2 mi) after traveling 6,000 km (3,700 mi). This engineering model was used at the Naval Research Laboratory for testing the satellite before launch. The PERIOD (PERASPERA In-Orbit Demonstration) project focuses on satellite assembly and manufacturing in orbit. The satellite's unanticipated success precipitated the American Sputnik crisis and triggered the Space Race, part of the Cold War. 1958. [83][84], The launch of Sputnik 1 surprised the American public, and shattered the perception created by American propaganda of the United States as the technological superpower, and the Soviet Union as a backward country. (A year later, however, that figure had dropped to 10% as the U.S. began launching its own satellites into space. [55] If the temperature exceeded 50 °C (122 °F) or fell below 0 °C (32 °F), another control thermal switch was activated, changing the duration of the radio signal pulses. Congress passed the National Aeronautics and Space Act, commonly called the "Space Act,” in July 1958, and the Space Act created NASA effective October 1, 1958. Called Sputnik, a combination of words meaning "fellow-traveler of Earth," it weighs about 184 pounds.Sputnik circles the globe beeping radio signals, demonstrating that the Soviets have rockets that could send warheads anywhere on Earth. It had a mass of 83.6 kilograms (184 lb). it was built as more than just a model. [38][63] The Tral telemetry system on the R-7 core stage continued to transmit and was detected on its second orbit. The two satellites are planned to be the first of a fleet of more than 3,200 Amazon satellites. This book offers an in-depth guide to engineers and professionals seeking to understand the technologies behind Low Earth Orbit satellites. [29] As public and the government became interested in space and related science and technology, the phenomenon was sometimes dubbed the "Sputnik craze". [13], Спутник-1, romanized as Sputnik-Odin (pronounced [ˈsputʲnʲɪk.ɐˈdʲin]), means Satellite-One. [57] Sputnik 1 was filled with dry nitrogen, pressurized to 1.3 atm (130 kPa). The first three Landsat satellites were launched in 1972, 1975, and 1978. The decision to build it was made by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and the Council of Ministers of the USSR on 20 May 1954. They decided to develop a three-stage version of the R-7 rocket for satellite launches. [57], The satellite had a one-watt, 3.5 kg (7.7 lb)[38] radio transmitting unit inside, developed by Vyacheslav I. Lappo from NII-885, the Moscow Electronics Research Institute,[57][58] that worked on two frequencies, 20.005 and 40.002 MHz. [100], The U.S. soon had a number of successful satellites, including Explorer 1, Project SCORE, and Courier 1B. [48] The booster rocket was located and tracked by the British using the Lovell Telescope at the Jodrell Bank Observatory, the only telescope in the world able to do so by radar. Austin space tech firm CesiumAstro sends its first satellites into orbit on Atlas V rocket. The satellite travelled at a peak speed of about 8 km/s (18,000 mph), taking 96.20 minutes to complete each orbit. With a sense of urgency, Congress enacted the 1958 National Defense Education Act, which provided low-interest loans for college tuition to students majoring in maths and science. [104][105] After the launch of Sputnik, a poll conducted and published by the University of Michigan showed that 26% of Americans surveyed thought that Russian sciences and engineering were superior to that of the United States. https://www.thoughtco.com/history-of-satellites-4070932 (accessed November 25, 2021). “Albania in orbit. [85] These research groups developed weapons such as ICBMs and missile defense systems, as well as spy satellites for the U.S.[85]. [70] Asserting that the launch "did not come as a surprise", the White House refused to comment on any military aspects. NSC 5520, the Draft Statement of Policy on U.S. Scientific Satellite Program, recommended both the creation of a scientific satellite program as well as the development of satellites for reconnaissance purposes. The Sputnik launch changed everything. The Vanguard 1 satellite is still up there and is the oldest human-made object in space. It was instead designed to test polar orbit and, after three orbits (the target profile for the KH-1 series), the satellite released its film canister to reenter the atmosphere. That company from California wants to carry out a test flight with such a rocket this year. Explorer 1 confirmed existence of high-radiation bands above the Earth's atmosphere. Начало изучения Луны. The world's first artificial satellite was about the size of a basketball and weighed only 183 pounds. [citation needed], Three one-third scale student-built replicas of Sputnik 1 were deployed from the Mir space station between 1997 and 1999. [41] Compared to the military R-7 test vehicles, the mass of 8K71PS was reduced from 280 t to 272 t, its length with PS-1 was 29.167 metres (95 ft 8.3 in) and the thrust at liftoff was 3.90 MN (880,000 lbf). The Americans took a more aggressive stance in the emerging space race,[87] resulting in an emphasis on science and technological research, and reforms in many areas from the military to education systems. Explorer 1 was the United States' first satellite in space. The 1958 launch of the satellite - twice the size of a basketball - was an important moment for the country, as the Space Race with the Soviet Union was just beginning. On Aug. 12, 1960, this capsule, which was not equipped with a camera, became the first man-made object recovered from an orbiting satellite. From Space to Earth tracks the evolution of the technology of photovoltaics, the use of solar cells to convert the sun's energy into electricity. A temperature regulation system contained a fan, a dual thermal switch, and a control thermal switch. [25] The batteries ran out on 26 October 1957, after the satellite completed 326 orbits. Core stage cutoff was intended for T+296 seconds, but the premature propellant depletion caused thrust termination to occur one second earlier when a sensor detected overspeed of the empty RP-1 turbopump. However, public reaction to the Sputnik crisis spurred America to action in the Space Race, leading to the creation of both the Advanced Research Projects Agency (renamed the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, or DARPA, in 1972),[101] and NASA (through the National Aeronautics and Space Act),[102] as well as increased U.S. government spending on scientific research and education through the National Defense Education Act. [2], The designers, engineers and technicians who developed the rocket and satellite watched the launch from the range. The first US satellite, Explorer 1, was launched on January 31, 1958. "[72] Directions, provided by the American Radio Relay League, were to "Tune in 20 megacycles sharply, by the time signals, given on that frequency. It was a first magnitude object following behind the satellite and visible at night. (Image credit: NASA/Jet Propulsion Laboratory) The first fictional depictions of satellites being launched into orbit are published in Edward Everett Hale’s short story The The Soviet Union launches the first artificial satellite. The first satellite of Myanmar. [117], In 1959, the Soviet Union donated a replica of Sputnik to the United Nations. [34] Three attempts to launch the second rocket (8K71 No.6) were made on 10–11 June, but an assembly defect prevented launch. On Friday, 4 October 1957, the Soviets had orbited the world's first artificial satellite. Describes the launch of the first space satellite by the Soviet Union in 1957. On October 4, 1957, the Soviet Union stunned everyone by launching the world's first artificial satellite, Sputnik 1. -. Спутники "Зенит" и "Электрон", book: Гудилин В.Е., Слабкий Л.И. [55], The power supply, with a mass of 51 kg (112 lb), was in the shape of an octagonal nut with the radio transmitter in its hole. COLORADO SPRINGS — Astroscale has completed the first major test of technology to capture and remove objects in orbit by releasing and then … Its development was facilitated by a team of 30 staff and students from Curtin University’s Space Science and … The first Omani satellite in space will be the result of cooperation in developing a CubeSat between Omani company ETCO that operates in the advanced technology sector and Polish companies … Iodine ion drive propels satellite in space for the first time. Its radio signal was easily detectable by radio amateurs,[6] and the 65° orbital inclination and duration of its orbit made its flight path cover virtually the entire inhabited Earth. [45], The observatories used a trajectory measurement system called "Tral", developed by OKB MEI (Moscow Energy Institute), by which they received and monitored data from transponders mounted on the R-7 rocket's core stage. For the first time, Rise of the Rocket Girls tells the stories of these women -- known as "human computers" -- who broke the boundaries of both gender and science. [86] Together with the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), the Army Ballistic Missile Agency built Explorer 1, and launched it on 31 January 1958. November 3 - The Soviet spacecraft Sputnik 2 was launched with a dog named Laika on board. Earlier in 1961, however, it was not at all clear that the Soviets would come first. Sputnik 1 was launched during the International Geophysical Year from Site No.1/5, at the 5th Tyuratam range, in Kazakh SSR (now known as the Baikonur Cosmodrome). [110], The launch of Sputnik 1 led to the resurgence of the suffix -nik in the English language. The first Zimbabwean satellite, the ZIMSAT-1, will be launched in 2022. [76], The USSR's launch of Sputnik 1 spurred the United States to create the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA, later DARPA) in February 1958 to regain a technological lead. Explorer 1 (USA, Feb. 1, 1958) 4. [77][78][79], In Britain, the media and population initially reacted with a mixture of fear for the future, but also amazement about human progress. Sputnik 1 burned up on 4 January 1958 while reentering Earth's atmosphere, after three months, 1,440 completed orbits of the Earth,[2] and a distance travelled of about 7.0×107 km (4.3×107 mi). (, "Korolev and Freedom of Space: 14 February 1990 – 4 October 1957", "On the creation of the Earth's artificial satellite", "G. S. Vetrov, Korolev And His Job. Taking advantage of the Soviet archives, which were opened in the 1990s, Siddiqi has written a groundbreaking work that examines why the Soviet Union fell behind in the space race of the 1960s after changing the course of human history with ... [69], Organized through the citizen science project Operation Moonwatch, teams of visual observers at 150 stations in the United States and other countries were alerted during the night to watch for the satellite at dawn and during the evening twilight as it passed overhead. Tesseractic shares a report from New Scientist, written by Chen Ly: A satellite has been successfully powered by iodine for the first time. The Soviets provided details of Sputnik 1 before the launch, but few outside the Soviet Union noticed. [99] One of the many books that suddenly appeared for the lay-audience noted seven points of "impact" upon the nation: Western leadership, Western strategy and tactics, missile production, applied research, basic research, education, and democratic culture. The Role of Small Satellites in NASA and NOAA Earth Observation Programs confronts these diverse requirements and assesses how they might be met by small satellites. Explorer 1’s science payload took up 37.25 inches (95 cm) of the satellite’s … In case … Then tune to slightly higher frequencies. Scientists knew that cycles of solar activity would be at a high point at this time. The Space Race was a 20th-century competition between two Cold War adversaries, the Soviet Union (USSR) and the United States of America (USA), to achieve superior spaceflight capability. [91][92] The Eisenhower administration's first response was low-key and almost dismissive. People were encouraged to listen to Sputnik's signals on the radio[82] and to look out for Sputnik in the night sky. [115] Two more Sputnik backups are said to be in the personal collections of American entrepreneurs Richard Garriott[115] and Jay S. The first artificial satellite flew into space in 1957, changing life on Earth forever. In addition, flight readiness and review will be done in December 2021, and its launch is expected to take place in Japan in February 2022. On April 1, 1960, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) launched TIROS-1, the world’s first successful meteorological satellite. In 1885 Konstantin Tsiolkovsky first … New data indicate Voyager 1 has been traveling for about one year through the plasma, or ionized gas, present in the space between … This book is dedicated toward space technology application in Earth studies based on the use of a variety of methods for satellite information classification and interpretation. Khomyakov. [5] It was launched into an elliptical low Earth orbit by the USSR on 4 October 1957 as part of the Soviet space program. By 1957 the first stage of the race had been won, with the Soviet Union launching Sputnik. (2021, February 16). Project Mercury: Main-in-Space Program of NASA, Report of the Committee on Aeronautical Sciences, United States Senate, 1 December 1959, Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, legal status of orbital satellite overflights, Timeline of artificial satellites and space probes, "Sputnik 1, Earth's First Artificial Satellite in Photos", "APOD: October 3, 1998 – Sputnik: Traveling Companion", "Soviet Fires Earth Satellite Into Space", "On the possibility of Earth's artificial satellite development", Создание первых искусственных спутников Земли. Sputnik 1, the first artificial satellite launched, was a 83.6-kg (184-pound) capsule. These days there are 4.994 satellites in orbit, out of which only 7 are revolving around planets other than earth. [6], While attached to the rocket, Sputnik 1 was protected by a cone-shaped payload fairing, with a height of 80 cm (31.5 in). Sputnik 1, the first artificial satellite launched, was a 83.6-kg (184-pound) capsule. [38], A second, nationwide observation complex was established to track the satellite after its separation from the rocket. She is known for her independent films and documentaries, including one about Alexander Graham Bell. "The History of Satellites - Sputnik I." The tide of the space race changed on January 31, 1958, when the U.S. successfully launched Satellite 1958 Alpha, familiarly known as Explorer I. This work introduces the important emerging space powers of the world. Following the launch of the Soviet Union's Sputnik 1 on October 4, 1957, the U.S. Army Ballistic Missile Agency was directed to launch a satellite using its Jupiter C rocket developed under the direction of Dr. Wernher von Braun.

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