What he does must correspond with a higher truth and must not spring from arbitrary or petty motives; then it brings great good fortune. But since, under the circumstances, power actually lies with the weak, this sudden offensive is doomed to failure. Before the change, three days. Human woes usually come as a result of unexpected events against which we are not forearmed. CONFLICT. He penetrates the left side of the belly. Thus the superior man joins with his friends For discussion and practice. A man who is excitable and restless may rise quickly to prominence but produces no lasting effects. Misfortune. But the patience needed is not that of idle waiting without thought of the morrow. Applied to human affairs, therefore, what the hexagram indicated is action in conformity with the situation. And the yin-yang doctrine, which was probably introduced through the work of Tsou Yen,[23] and later promoted by Tung Chung Shu, Liu Hsin, and Liu Hsiang,[24] ran riot in connection with the interpretation of the I Ching. above K'UN THE RECEPTIVE, EARTH below SUN THE GENTLE, WIND, WOOD, The lower trigram, Sun, represents wood, and the upper, K'un, means the earth. Therefore the hearts of men must be seized by a devout emotion. The real nature of man is likewise originally good, but it becomes clouded by contact with earthly things and therefore needs purification before it can shine forth in its native clarity. If there are ulterior motives, it is humiliating. As one goes, rain falls; then good fortune comes. This refers to enforced quiet. This is why the text says here, "Perseverance brings good fortune and success," and not "Undertakings bring good fortune." The meaning of the hexagram is not standstill but progress. The attribute furthering is correlated with justice, which creates the conditions in which each receives that which accords with his being, that which is due him and which constitutes his happiness. Since the hexagram is the picture of something that is retreating, the lowest line represents the tail and the top line the head. These speculations are also to blame for the fact that the seeds of a free Chinese natural science, which undoubtedly existed at the time of Mo Ti[4] and his pupils, were killed, and replaced by a sterile tradition of writing and reading books that was wholly removed from experience. The well is there fore all. Thus the superior man falls back upon his inner worth In order to escape the difficulties. The tie that hold the family together lies in the loyalty and perseverance of the wife. Hardcover. No blame. However, joy is indicated by the fact that there are two strong lines within, expressing themselves through the medium of gentleness. Do not act. He also succeeds in acquiring property, but even with this he is not secure. Clarity of mind has the same relation to life that fire has to wood. In reality it is the vicissitudes of the centuries, the collapse of ancient cultures, and the change in the system of writing that are to be blamed for the damage suffered by all ancient works. Thus the superior man organizes the clans And makes distinctions between things. It is in accord with the great laws of nature that husband and wife take their proper places. This system was not without success, for its aim was to make so strong a moral impression that there was no reason to fear abuse of such mildness. THE WELL. A place of transition has been reached, and free choice can enter in. Perseverance furthers. Perseverance brings good fortune. This refers to the ruler of the hexagram as a whole. Midnight blue is the color of heaven; yellow is the color of earth. There is danger in continually deserting the good because of uncontrolled desires, then turning back to it again because of a better resolution. It is of moment that the man who makes the decisions (represented by the fifth line) is gentle by nature, while he commands respect by his conduct in his position. When grass on a mountain takes fire, there is bright light. Das I Ging enthält die Kosmologie und Philosophie des alten China. Danger. The superior man understands the signs of the time And prefers to desist. When inner shock is at its height, it robs a man of reflection and clarity of vision. Only when the bond is based on what is right, on steadfastness, will it remain so firm that it triumphs over everything. Once rain falls, remorse is spent. Wilhelm first attended a preparatory school in Stuttgart, then began studying at the University of Frankfurt, where he also served as his father's assistant. These persons become free of error, and by acting in harmony with truth they gain such inner authority that they exert influence as if sanctioned by the letter and seal. This is very favorable. If the water boils over, the fire is extinguished an its energy is lost. Both kinds of movement can be modified by tranquillity. A struggle ensues in which it is overthrown, with injury, however, to both sides. Does not further guests. Things proceed with remarkable ease. External conditions hinder the advance, just as loss of the wheel spokes stops the progress of a wagon. Another line of speculation goes still further in separating the words "sublime," "success," "furthering," "perseverance," and parallels them with the four cardinal virtues in humanity. One is impeded in his way of life. Each according to his kind. the book of divination had to become a book of wisdom. But it is necessary to be hard as metal and straight as an arrow to surmount the difficulties. But the injury is not fatal; it is only a hindrance. The masses flock to him. Thus the superior man is inexhaustible In his will to teach, And without limits In his tolerance and protection of the people. Hsiao Kuo / Preponderance of the Small, above CHêN THE AROUSING, THUNDER below KêN KEEPING STILL, MOUNTAIN, While in the hexagram Ta Kuo, PREPONDERANCE OF THE GREAT, 28, the strong lines preponderate and are within, inclosed between weak lines at the top and bottom, the present hexagram has weak lines preponderating, though here again they are on the outside, the strong lines being within. But a bird should not try to surpass itself and fly into the sun; it should descend to the earth, where its nest is. Thus in his conduct the superior man gives preponderance to reverence. But as he is upright in character, he meets with response, and his lack of outward form does no harm. Therefore it is in accord with custom for the girl's family to take the initiative here. It furthers one to remain persevering. Its coming is sudden; It flames up, dies down, is thrown away. A man's genuineness and refinement should not reveal themselves directly; they should express themselves only indirectly as an effect from within. A spring succeeds in flowing on and escapes stagnation by filling up all the hollow places in its path. p. But he cannot carry on the fight, because, since right is not on his side, he cannot justify the conflict to his conscience. The wind drives across heaven: The image of THE TAMING POWER OF THE SMALL.Thus the superior man Refines the outward aspect of his nature. Thus the winter solstice, with which the decline of the year begins, comes in the seventh month after the summer solstice; so too sunrise comes in the seventh double hour after sunset. The sacred music and the splendor of the ceremonies aroused a strong tide of emotion that was shared by all hearts in unison, and that awakened a consciousness of the common origin of all creatures. If the right moment is chosen, the retreat can be carried out within the forms of perfect friendliness, without the necessity of disagreeable discussions. Giving duration to one's character through perseverance. If this continues, humiliation will result. But he dare not decide controversial issues in this way. He who throw himself away in order to do the bidding of a superior diminishes his own position without thereby giving lasting benefit to the other. It is a warning to halt in time on the path of evil. Six in the fifth place means: An inexperienced person who seeks instruction in a childlike and unassuming way is on the right path, for the man devoid of arrogance who subordinated himself to his teacher will certainly be helped. It becomes so only through stimulating intercourse with congenial friends with whom one holds discussion and practices application of the truths of life. Misfortune. Only the toes are put in the stocks. He is conscious at all times of the danger of pushing ahead regardless of circumstances, and therefore renounces in good time the empty display of force. If, on the other hand, external differences in rank correspond with differences in inner worth, and if inner worth forms the criterion of external rank, people acquiesce and order reigns in society. His mind is natural and true, unshadowed by reflection or ulterior designs. This situation at the beginning of ascent. This text refers to a dangerous enterprise. This applies not only in regard to education but also in regard to the measures taken by a government against a populace guilty of transgressions. Receives metal arrows. Heaven has placed itself beneath the earth, and so their powers unite in deep harmony. If one does not perpetuate the affair, There is a little gossip. Success. The same attitude is owed to women as the weaker sex. Hence the warning not to sink into convivial indolence but to remain constant in perseverance. The danger draws close to one's person; already there are clear indication, and rest is disturbed. They require greater earnestness. Thus the superior man reduces that which is too much, And augments that which is too little. Therefore it is a great blessing to the whole land. This indicates a type of man who in times of preponderance of the great insists on pushing ahead. Men believe him. Obviously, the right course brings good fortune and the wrong course brings misfortune. Good fortune without blame. Wavering flight over the depths. The initial insecurity has been overcome, and a safe position in life has been found, giving one enough to live on. The wild goose gradually draws near the clouds heights. above LI THE CLINGING, FIRE below KêN KEEPING STILL, MOUNTAIN. In this way he gains personal safety and is able to protect the empire. These unbroken lines stand for the primal power, which is light-giving, active, strong, and of the spirit. The wild goose is the symbol of conjugal fidelity, because it is believed that this bird never takes another mate after the death of the first. 61; neither represents and exceptional state. The shock that comes from the manifestation of God within the depths of the earth makes man afraid, but this fear of God is good, for joy and merriment can follow upon it. Precisely because of his experience and inner freedom, he is able to create something both great and complete that brings good fortune. A mountain with a lake on its summit is stimulated by the moisture from the lake. His gain is the owner's loss. Mencius says about this: If we wish to know whether anyone is superior or not, we need only observe what part of his being he regards as especially important. PEACE. Those followers of the ruler who remain loyal are destroyed by slander and intrigue. Though this is arduous, the effort succeeds. This leads to the perseverance that brings good fortune and bestows power to cross the great water. This unswerving inner purpose brings good fortune in the end. Nine in the second place means: Remorse disappears. Water flows on uninterruptedly and reaches its foal: Thus the superior man walks in lasting virtue And carries on the business of teaching. It means both contemplating and being seen, in the sense of being an example. Success depends, however, on proper deliberation. If he does not want to make compromises within himself, but insists on remaining true to his principles, he suffers deprivation. Going brings danger. Movement within the mind depends for its success partly on circumstances. Above we have Chên, the eldest son, and below, Tui, the youngest daughter. Returning to the regular order of life as soon as deliverance is achieved brings good fortune. above SUN THE GENTLE, WIND below LI THE CLINGING, FIRE. Change is not meaningless -- if it were, there could be no knowledge of it -- but subject to the universal law, tao. The Book of Changes shows the images of events and also the unfolding of conditions in statu nascendi. Whenever unity cannot be established, the obstruction is due to a talebearer and traitor who is interfering and blocking the way. Only awareness of the danger makes success possible. [26] A..D. 960-1279. Success has justified the deed. The wealth of the earth in which a mountain is hidden is not visible to the eye, because the depths are offset by the height of the mountain. The wild goose gradually draws near the plateau. When enmity arises nothing is easier than to lay the blame on another. The holy men and sages, who are in contact with those higher spheres, have access to these ideas through direct intuition and are therefore able to intervene decisively in events in the world. There is good fortune in thus acting according to duty. Restlessness as an enduring condition brings misfortune. Perseverance brings good fortune. In such times, when it is possible to extend influence widely, the mind of an able man is set upon going out into life and accomplishing something. Six in the second place means: She must attend within to the food. The first thing to be considered is our inner attitude toward the new condition that will inevitably come. AFTER COMPLETION. We must first know the cause of corruption before we can do away with them; hence it is necessary to be cautious during the time before the start. The marrying maiden draws out the allotted time. In the latter the wind blows over the earth, here it blows under heaven; in both cases it goes everywhere. The dark power at first held so high a place that it could wound all who were on the side of good and of the light. So too the superior man has to arrange and organize the inchoate profusion of such times of beginning, just as one sorts out silk threads from a knotted tangle and binds them into skeins. In den westlichen Kulturen wird es vor allem als Weisheits- und Weissagungsbuch verstanden. And if he should go too far in imposing limitations on others, they would rebel. He who does not give duration to his character Meets with disgrace. The wanderer comes to an inn. Nonetheless, the shock causes no loss, because one takes care to stay in the center of movement and in this way to be spared the fate of being helplessly tossed hither and thither. But if he recognizes the situation and can comprehend the danger, he knows how to protect himself and remains unharmed. Since the hexagram is made up of the trigrams for thunder and for lightning, it indicates how obstacles are forcibly removed in nature. Perseverance furthers. The trigram Tui, the Joyous, whose attribute is gladness, is above; Chên, the Arousing, which has the attribute of movement, is below. Treading upon the tail of the tiger. When a man has withdrawn from the world, its tumult often becomes unbearable to him. The melon, like the fish, is a symbol of the principle of darkness. He should be, so to speak, a guest-that is, he should be honored and act independently, and should not be used as a tool. His punishment is the wooden cangue, and his ears disappear under it-that is to say, he is deaf to warnings. It is unselfish and good when a man, after completing his own urgent tasks, uses his strength in the service of others, and without bragging or making much of it, helps quickly where help is needed. Thunder within the earth: The image of THE TURNING POINT. The superior man perceives the seeds and immediately takes actin. In the same way the ruler's thought should penetrate the soul of the people. There is drinking of wine In genuine confidence. When the wind blow s slow on the mountain, it is thrown back and spoils the vegetation. A petty man cannot do this. This symbol has also played a significant part in India and Europe. The character fan, meaning "all," may have been misread as shih, which means "corpse." In this way we have a series of situations symbolically expressed by lines, and through the movement of these lines the situations can change one into another. Richard Wilhelm hat hier ein wahres Wunder der Weltliteratur vollbracht, indem er die Weisheit in den Hexagrammen der westlichen Welt zugänglich gemacht hat. Water sets the example for the right conduct under such circumstances. Keeping still is the easiest way of escaping from the threatening danger. A man who has virtues like a well of this sort is born to be a leader and savior of men, for he has the water of life. Pigs and fishes are the least intelligent of all animals and therefore the most difficult to influence. Nine in the fifth place means: If in gathering together one has position. In such a case the only expedient is to take into one's service, so to speak, those who refuse to let one go, so that one may at least keep one's initiative and not fall helplessly under their domination. They are kept apart by their positions in life. Then he must know where to stop. above CH'IEN THE CREATIVE, HEAVEN below LI THE CLINGING, FLAME, The image of the upper trigram Ch'ien is heaven, and that of the lower, Li, is flame. He lacks the power to ward it off alone, but with able helpers he can at least bring about a thorough reform, if he cannot create a new beginning, and this also is praiseworthy. This is the only way of averting evil consequences. Perseverance brings good fortune. Modern scholarship has placed most of the records contained in the Shu Ching near the first millennium B.C., though formerly a much greater age was ascribed to the earliest of them. At such times we ought to make our way back to ordinary conditions as soon as possible; this is the meaning of "the southwest." To do this he needs helpers, because he cannot attain his lofty aim alone. Confucius says about this line: The superior man sets his person at rest before he moves; he composes his mind before he speaks; he makes his relations firm before he asks for something. When a man seeks to climb so high that he loses touch with the rest of mankind, he becomes isolated, and this necessarily leads to failure. The text of this hexagram resembles that of Ts'ui, GATHERING TOGETHER. Here fellowship has changed about to mistrust. Nine in the second place means: As a result of misunderstandings, it has become impossible for people who by nature belong together to meet in the correct way. An army is a mass that needs organization in order to become a fighting force. The idea of an influence is already present, but is not immediately apparent to others. When strong elements within preponderate, they necessarily enforce their will. Just as the first part of book 1 begins with the hexagrams of heaven and earth, the foundations of all that exists, the second part begins with the hexagrams of courtship and marriage, the foundations of all social relationships. During such a time he can do nothing for others, but his work is nonetheless valuable, because by enhancing his powers and abilities through inner development, he can accomplish all the more later on. As a result he deteriorates in mind. Thus his situation entails an inner conflict. When one encounters an obstruction, the important thing is to reflect on how best to deal with it. But the trouble is transitory. Therefore the culprits do not submit. This event comes so unexpectedly that we assume the newcomer to be a robber. However, an opportunity to make connections offers itself. If he asks for something without having fist established relations, it will not be given to him. He loses the steadfastness of his young servant. This means decay. By this means one puts oneself under the beneficent influence descending form heaven, and all goes well. Its tireless roaming over the plains is taken as a symbol of the vast expanse of the earth. Here too the complement must be found-the necessary wisdom to complement joy of action. Inasmuch as the lower element thus voluntarily places itself under the higher, it attains happiness and the higher also receives its due. If one is in the difficult and responsible position of counselor to a powerful man, on should restrain him in such a way that the threat of actual bloodshed may arise. But if it is clever, it will find a flat branch on which it can get a footing. One acquires fame in the sight of gods and men, is received into the circle of those who foster the spiritual life of the nation, and thereby attains a significance that endures beyond time. The approach is made quite spontaneously, because it is based on inner conviction. The doubt itself implies the answer. Obstacles standing in the way of fellowship with others are shown here. This symbolizes the girl who follows the man of her choice. When the ancients buried their dead, they covered the body thickly with pieces of wood, having laid it in the open country. By neglecting this duty and helping no one, they in turn lose the furhtering influence of others and soon find themselves alone. Misfortune from within and without. But it must be remembered that such improvements require careful consideration. To render true service of lasting value to another, one must serve him without relinquishing oneself. One meets with praise. Six in the fifth place means: There is game in the field. A girl owes it to her dignity to wait until she is wooed. This attraction between affinities is a general law of nature. Good fortune. Good fortune. This hexagram is linked with the eight month (September-October). The image of THE FAMILY.Thus the superior man has substance in his words And duration in his way of life.
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