The other great mystery is why the ornate pottery tradition disappeared, and with such speed. The most notable of these were the Tongafuesia, ʻĀkiheuho, the Lomipeau, and the Takaʻipōmana. ʻAkilisi Pohiva, the MP for Tongatapu 1, had sought to become Prime Minister, but the nobles and independent MP entrusted Lord Tuʻivakanō with the task of forming a government, relegating the DPFI to the status of a de facto parliamentary opposition. Tonga's economy is characterised by a large non-monetary sector and a heavy dependence on remittances from the half of the country's population who live abroad (chiefly in Australia, New Zealand and the United States). Thus they are protected and cannot be harmed or hunted. They have since appeared in each subsequent Rugby League World Cup tournament. In 2003, the Taimi 'o Tonga (Tongan Times), a newspaper published in New Zealand in the Tongan language that had been critical of the government was prohibited from distribution in Tonga due to government objections to its political content. This son, Talatama's grandson, would succeed as the 14th Tuʻi Tonga. Vaka Moana, voyages of the ancestors: the discovery and settlement of the Pacific: 198-245. The bill was opposed in the form of a several-thousand-strong protest march in the capital, a call by the Tuʻi Pelehake (a prince, nephew of the king and elected member of parliament) for Australia and other nations to pressure the Tongan government to democratise the electoral system, and a legal writ calling for a judicial investigation of the bill. ", Woodcock, George. [40][41] Indonesia rejected allegations. [15] Scholars have much debated the exact dates of the initial settlement of Tonga, but thorium dating confirms that the first settlers came to the oldest town, Nukuleka, by 888 BC, ± 8 years. [67] In 2006, Nukuʻalofa riots mainly targeted Chinese-owned businesses, leading to the emigration of several hundred Chinese[68] so that only about 300 remain.[69]. Rugby league has gained some success. Talatama is named as the oldest son of Tuʻitātui and succeeded him as the 12th Tuʻi Tonga (king of Tonga) somewhere in the middle of the 12th century AD. Taulupe's cousins and England international players Billy and Mako Vunipola (who is also a British and Irish Lion), are sons of former Tonga rugby captain Fe'ao Vunipola. In AD 1535, Takalaua was assassinated by two foreigners while swimming in the lagoon of Mu'a. Licensure criteria include 80% ownership by Tongans living in the country. It is a full member of the Pacific Islands Forum, the South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission, the South Pacific Tourism Organisation, the Pacific Regional Environment Programme and the Secretariat of the Pacific Community. In opposition to the establishment of the Free Wesleyan Church as a state religion, the Church of Tonga separated from the Free Wesleyan Church in 1928. The Lapitan diaspora began from Papua New Guinea in 1500 B.C. King George Tupou II going to the Opening of Tongan Parliament in 1900, Richard Seddon and wife at the opening of the Tongan parliament, 1900, Members of the Tonga Defence Force of 2nd NZEF on parade in Tonga celebrating the capitulation of Italy in 1945, Bishop John Rogers, Pīsila (wife of Fusitu'a) and Suli Seuli (matāpule of Fusitu'a) watching dancing. In addition, it calls for the involvement of local operators, finance institutions and technicians to provide sustainable business models as well as strategies to ensure the effective operation, management and maintenance once the systems are installed. The average wettest period is around March with on average 263 mm (10.4 in). Subsequently, some Tongan rugby league players have established successful careers in the Super League such as Antonio Kaufusi.[82]. [65] The plant will be the second largest solar plant in the Pacific upon completion. (December 2007) Momo (meaning: crumb) was the 10th Tuʻi Tonga, a dynasty of … From 1900 to 1970, Tonga had British protected state status, with the United Kingdom looking after its foreign affairs under a Treaty of Friendship. [16] Not much is known before European contact because of the lack of a writing system, but oral history has survived and been recorded after the arrival of the Europeans. [10] Settlement grew around most of the lagoon in Tongatapu and villages finally reached the interior of the main island. [23] Tongans have universal access to a national health care system. Until recently, the governance issue was generally ignored by the leaders of other countries, but major aid donors and neighbours New Zealand and Australia are now expressing concerns about some Tongan government actions. Although an increasing number of Tongans have moved into the only urban and commercial centre, Nukuʻalofa, where European and indigenous cultural and living patterns have blended, village life and kinship ties remain influential throughout the country. In the 2008 Rugby League World Cup Tonga recorded wins against Ireland and Scotland. Nevertheless, by picking up third place in their pool games behind South Africa and England, Tonga earned automatic qualification for the 2011 Rugby World Cup in New Zealand. Little is known about the period because of the absence of much archaeological evidence. [42] The government agreed that elections would be held in 2008 in which a majority of the parliament would be elected by popular vote. Its 169 islands, 36 of them inhabited,[1] are divided into three main groups – Vava'u, Ha'apai, and Tongatapu – and cover an 800-kilometre (500-mile)-long north–south line. An Austronesian-speaking group linked to the archaeological construct known as the Lapita cultural complex reached and inhabited Tonga around 1500–1000 BC. They came for water, food and wood. His health deteriorated significantly shortly thereafter, and he died at 3:15 pm on 18 March 2012. The largest canoes of the Tongan kalia type could carry up to 100 men. [63] In addition to the success of the national team, many players of Tongan descent make it big in the Australian National Rugby League competition. [73] World Health Organization data published in 2014 indicates that Tonga stands 4th overall in terms of countries listed by mean body mass index data. On April 24, 1616, they tried to moor at the "Island of Good Hope" (Niuafo'ou), but a less welcoming reception there made them decide to sail on. As a result, flying fox bats have thrived in many of the islands of Tonga.[50][51]. New elections in 2014 saw the DPFI lose three seats to independent candidates. [16] Many fine mats came into the possession of the Tongan royal families through chiefly marriages with Samoan noblewomen, such as Tohu'ia the mother of Tu'i Kanokupolu Ngata who came from Safata, 'Upolu, Samoa. They lived at Heketā, along the northcoast of Tongatapu, with its rocky shore. Rejects from squash production excessed 30%. Despite emigration, Tonga grew in population from about 32,000 in the 1930s to more than 90,000 by 1976. Between the nobles and commoners are Matapule, sometimes called "talking chiefs," who are associated with the king or a noble and who may or may not hold estates. On November 16, 2006, rioting broke out in the capital city of Nukuʻalofa when it seemed that the parliament would adjourn for the year without having made any advances in increasing democracy in government. Despite a wealth of archaeological evidence, however, the Lapita people still stifle us with two main mysteries: How did they spread through the South Pacific so quickly, and why did the Lapita settlers in Tonga quickly abandon their ornate pottery tradition? A constitutional commission met in 2005-2006 to study proposals to update the constitution. [55], In April 2010 the Legislative Assembly enacted a package of political reforms towards a fully representative democracy, increasing the number of directly-elected people's representatives from 9 to 17,[56] with ten seats for Tongatapu, three for Vavaʻu, two for Haʻapai and one each for Niuas and ʻEua. These mats, including the Maneafaingaa and Tasiaeafe, are considered the crown jewels of the current Tupou line[17] (which is derived matrilineally from Samoa). In Tonga, dating back to Tongan legend, flying bats are considered sacred and are the property of the monarchy. As of 2013[update], almost 98 percent of residents profess Christianity. We know what they ate, what tools they used, where they settled (one colony each on ‘Uiha, Kauvai, and Foa, and two on Lifuka), and how large the settlements were. The Treaty of Friendship and protected state status ended in 1970 under arrangements established prior to her death by the third monarch, Queen Sālote. The Langi are low, very flat, two or three tier pyramids that mark the graves of former kings. A defeat by England, 36–20 in their last pool game ended their hopes of making the knockout stages. In September 1974, the country's first commercial trading bank, the Bank of Tonga, opened. This new dynasty was to deal with the everyday decisions of the empire, while the position of Tu’i Tonga was to be the nation's spiritual leader, though he still controlled the final say in the life or death of his people. DV Burley. Still today the chiefs who derive their authority from the Tuʻi Tonga are named the Kau hala ʻuta (inland road people) while those from the Tuʻi Kanokupolu are known as the Kau hala lalo (low road people). In the 2007 Rugby World Cup, Tonga won its first two matches, against the USA 25–15, and Samoa 19–15. The problems have mostly been driven by attempts to increase national revenue through a variety of schemes: considering making Tonga a nuclear waste disposal site (an idea floated in the mid 1990s by the current crown prince);[25] and selling Tongan Protected Persons Passports (which eventually forced Tonga to naturalise the purchasers, sparking ethnicity-based concerns within Tonga). [52], Tonga was ranked the 165th safest investment destination in the world in the March 2011 Euromoney Country Risk rankings.[53]. Instead, they feasted mainly on life in the sea: parrotfish, wrasses, turtles, surgeonfish, jacks, eels, emperors, bottom-dwellers, shellfish, and the occasional deep water tuna. "Is there a Tongan middle class? In 1610, the 6th Tu’i Ha’a Takalaua, Mo'ungatonga, created the position of Tu’i Kanokupolu for his half-Samoan son, Ngata, which divided regional rule between them, though as time went on the Tu’i Kanokupolu's power became more and more dominant over Tonga. They travelled in small wooden boats over open ocean to invisible destinations faster than the Europeans colonizers walked across their continent. Now when Talaihaʻapepe had been a boy (some say he was still a boy at that time) he had a doll, made of tou wood, called Tamatou. However, a previous heavy defeat by the All Blacks at the tournament's opener (41–10) and a subsequent tight defeat by Canada (25–20) meant that Tonga lost out to France (who also lost to NZ) for the quarter finals due to 2 bonus points and a points difference of 46. At the 2005 Tongan general election, the Human Rights and Democracy Movement won seven of the nine popularly-elected seats (the rest of the 30 MPs are appointed by the King or are members of the Tongan aristocracy). The 2007 and 2011 Rugby World Cups were Tonga's most successful to date, both winning two out of four matches and in a running chance for the quarter finals. State schools make up for the rest. Tonga has competed in six Rugby World Cups since 1987. Tonga's best result before 2007 came in 1995, when they beat Côte d'Ivoire 29–11, and 1999 when they beat Italy 28–25 (although with only 14 men they lost heavily to England, 101–10). This doll was declared the son of Talatama and installed with all the pomp and splendour of a Tuʻi Tonga, even a queen was assigned to him, and he was named Tuʻi-Tonga-nui-(ko-e)-tama-tou (Great Tonga king (that is) tou person).[1]. The South Pacific, meanwhile, was almost completely uninhabited. Tonga retains cordial relations with the United States. Five species have been introduced by humans, and eight are rare or accidental. The latter was supported by some 160 signatures, including seven of the nine elected, "People's Representatives". [57] All of the seats are single-seat constituencies, as opposed to the multi-member constituencies used before. [2] Ancient Tongan mythologies recorded by early European explorers report the islands of 'Ata and Tongatapu as the first islands having been hauled to the surface from the deep ocean by Maui.[3][4]. The falefā officials were initially successful in maintaining some hegemony over other subjected islands but increased dissatisfaction led to the assassination of several rulers in succession. The coldest temperature recorded in Tonga was 8.7 °C (47.7 °F) on 8 September 1994 in Fua'amotu. [10] Nothing can be said with certainty except that the same disappearance also occurred in Fiji and Samoa. The Haʻamonga is 5 meters high and made of three coral-lime stones that weigh more than 40 tons each. Launching and landing canoes … [62], In view of the decreasing reliability of fossil-fuel electricity generation, its increasing costs and negative environmental side-effects, renewable energy solutions have attracted the government's attention. [17] The last known whaling visitor was the Albatross in 1899. Talatama is named as the oldest son of Tuʻitātui and succeeded him as the 12th Tuʻi Tonga (king of Tonga) somewhere in the middle of the 12th century AD. The kings of both of these islands boarded the ships and Le Maire drew up a list of Niuatoputapu words, a language now extinct. Der Eine mit dem Ziel, dort ein Projekt für schwer erziehbare Jugendliche aufzubauen und damit berufliche und private Erfüllung zu finden. p230, Jean-François de Galaup, comte de Lapérouse, http://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/objectdetails.aspx?oid=535267&coltype=pacific%20cultures®no=fe011574, "Note Upon the Natives of Savage Island, or Niue", http://planet-tonga.com/language_journal/Emancipation_in_Tonga/index.shtml, Recent Advances in the Archaeology of the Fiji/West-Polynesia Region", "Hawaiki, Ancestral Polynesia: An Essay in Historical Anthropology", "Geraghty, P., 1994. The history of Tonga is recorded since the century after 900 BC, when seafarers associated with the Lapita diaspora first settled the islands which now make up the Kingdom of Tonga. [5] Some of the oldest sites pertaining to the first occupants of the Tongan Islands are found on Tongatapu which is also where the first Lapita ceramics were found by WC McKern in 1921. The Elections resulted in the DPFI winning 14 seats - enough for Pohivia to form government without relying on nobles' or independent MPs. [43] In 2007 a second contingent went to Iraq, and two more were sent during 2008 as part of continued support for the coalition. The Tonga Chamber of Commerce and Industry (TCCI), incorporated in 1996, endeavours to represent the interests of its members, private sector businesses, and to promote economic growth in the Kingdom. Tonga is a constitutional monarchy. For other uses, see, Nationaal Archief, archiefinventaris 1.11.01.01 inventarisnummer 121, scan 85, George Woodcock, "Tonga: The Last of the Victorians.". Tonga is sub-divided into five administrative divisions: ʻEua, Haʻapai, Niuas, Tongatapu, and Vavaʻu.[45][46]. Tonga stretches across approximately 800 kilometres (500 mi) in a north–south line. Large flightless birds called megapodes bounded through the tropical rain forest while giant iguanas and various other lizards rested on tree limbs. Many ancient sites, kitchens and refuse heaps, have been found in Tongatapu and Haʻapai, and a few in Vavaʻu and the Niuas that provide insights into old Tongan settlement patterns, diet, economy, and culture. This is likely because while elections exist, they could only elect nine of 30 Legislative Assembly seats, the remainder being selected either by the nobility or the government; as such the people have a voice in but no control over the government. Under the protection of Britain, Tonga maintained its sovereignty, and remained the only Pacific nation to retain its monarchical government. In October 2003, thousands of Tongans marched peacefully through the streets of the capital city Nukuʻalofa in an unprecedented demonstration against the government's plans to limit media freedom. [50] The chief pastor of the Free Wesleyan Church serves as the representative of the people of Tonga and of the Church at the coronation of a King or Queen of Tonga where he anoints and crowns the Monarch. [1] The total surface area is about 750 square kilometres (290 sq mi) scattered over 700,000 square kilometres (270,000 sq mi) of the southern Pacific Ocean. Tonga is home to some 106,000 people, but more than double that number live overseas, mainly in the US, New Zealand and Australia. The influence of the Tu’i Tonga was renowned throughout the Pacific, and many of the neighboring islands participated in the widespread trade of resources and new ideas. These visits were brief, however, and did not change the island much at all. By February 2004, the amendment was passed and licensure of news media was required. Hierarchy and protest in contemporary Tonga. [34], On 29 July 2008, the Palace announced that King George Tupou V would relinquish much of his power and would surrender his role in day-to-day governmental affairs to the Prime Minister. They lived at Heketā, along the northcoast of Tongatapu, with its rocky shore. [65], Over 70% of the 103,197[8][9] inhabitants live on its main island, Tongatapu. On 5 July 2006, a driver in Menlo Park, California, caused the deaths of Prince Tuʻipelehake ʻUluvalu, his wife, and their driver. Tongan Archaeology and the Tongan Past, 2850-150 B.P. [7] At original Lapita sites, 24% of bird bones came from chickens, which increased after the Polynesian transformation into 81%, marking probably the demise of other bird species as well as an increased reliance on domesticated species.[10]. The first time the Tongan people encountered Europeans was in April 1616 when Jacob Le Maire and Willem Schouten made a short visit to the islands to trade with them. "Why monarchy persists in small states: the cases of Tonga, Bhutan and Liechtenstein. He held the chiefly title of Tu'i Kanokupolu, but was baptised with the name King George Tupou I. As of February 2004[update], those papers denied licenses under the new act included the Taimi ʻo Tonga (Tongan Times), the Keleʻa, and the Matangi Tonga—while those permitted licenses were uniformly church-based or pro-government. [21] Kau'ulufonua's mother was a Samoan from Manu'a,[22] Tu'i Tonga Kau'ulufonua II and Tu'i Tonga Puipuifatu had Samoan mothers and as they married Samoan women the succeeding Tu'i Tongas - Vakafuhu, Tapu'osi, and 'Uluakimata - were allegedly more "Samoan" than "Tongan."[23]. The history of Tonga is recorded since the century after 900 BC, when seafarers associated with the Lapita diaspora first settled the islands which now make up the Kingdom of Tonga. [64], In 2019, Tonga announced the construction of 6-megawatt solar farm on Tongatapu. Several Tongans have been football players in the National Football League (NFL), including Tuineau Alipate, Spencer Folau, Lakei Heimuli, Steve Kaufusi, Ma'ake Kemoeatu, Deuce Lutui, Siupeli Malamala, Tim Manoa, Stan Mataele, Vili Maumau, Alfred Pupunu, Vai Sikahema, Star Lotulelei, and Peter Tuipulotu. Of all the linguistically and traditionally similar people who came to inhabit the triangle created by New Zealand, Hawai’i, and Easter Island, they can all trace ancestry to a few original settlers in Tonga[citation needed]. Tongan canoes, with sails and cabins, and two Tongan men paddling a smaller canoe in the foreground; derived from "Boats of the Friendly Isles" a record of Cook's visit to Tonga, 1773–4. [66][67], The Polynesian Plain Ware Period: 2650–1550 BP (700 BC – 400 AD), The Formative Dark Age: 1550 – 750 BP (400 AD – 1200 AD). [37] The nine nobles and all the cabinet ministers that sit in the Legislative Assembly generally support the government. Tangaloa, the chief Tongan god before the arrival of Christianity, was a younger sibling who created Tonga while searching for land from a canoe. [43] A state of emergency was declared on November 17, with emergency laws giving security forces the right to stop and search people without a warrant.[44]. While exposed to colonial pressures, Tonga has always governed itself, which makes it unique in the Pacific. Foreign affairs of the Kingdom of Tonga were conducted through the British Consul. In 2005 the government spent several weeks negotiating with striking civil service workers before reaching a settlement. It should be mentioned that the Takaʻipōmana was actually a Samoan kalia; according to Queen Salote and the Palace Records this was the Samoan double-canoe that brought Tohu'ia Limapō from Samoa to wed the Tu'i Ha'atakalaua. [36] He was succeeded by his brother Tupou VI, who was crowned on 4 July 2015. [40] The position passed to Feleti Sevele, Minister of Labour and one of the two independent candidates elected, as well as the first non-noble Prime Minister of the country. In: Shutler, Burley, Dickinson, Nelson, & Carlson, Oceana Publications. The national team has since also recorded victories again Great Britain and the world number one Australia. The tourism industry is improving, but remains modest at under 90,000 tourists per year. Tonga became a protected state under a Treaty of Friendship with Britain on 18 May 1900, when European settlers and rival Tongan chiefs tried to oust the second king. [61] The total surface area is about 750 square kilometres (290 sq mi) scattered over 700,000 square kilometres (270,000 sq mi) of the southern Pacific Ocean. The previous king, George Tupou V, born in 1946, continued to have ultimate control of the government until July 2008. [20], Because of so many assassination attempts on the Tu'i Tonga, Kauʻulufonua established a new dynasty called Tu'i Ha'atakalaua in honor of his father and he gave his brother Mo’ungamotu’a, the title of Tu’i Ha’a Takalaua. [33] The disturbances were ended by action from Tongan Security Forces and troops from New Zealand-led Joint Task Force. the Tongan linguistic analogue is "to'onga," see, Kie Hingoa 'Named Mats, 'Ie Toga 'Fine Mats' and Other Treasured Textiles of Samoa and Tonga. [66], According to the government portal, Tongans, Polynesian by ethnicity with a mixture of Melanesian, represent more than 98% of the inhabitants. [18] The success of the Empire was largely based upon the Imperial Navy. [7] The skies hosted three different species of fruit bats, three different species of pigeon, and more than two dozen other types of birds. Then, around that time, these islanders were suddenly replaced by a new branch of humanity that originated from the Bismarck Archipelago off Papua New Guinea. At club level, there are the Datec Cup Provincial Championship and the Pacific Rugby Cup. He was later diagnosed with leukaemia. [26], Schemes also included the registering of foreign ships (which proved to be engaged in illegal activities, including shipments for al-Qaeda);[27] claiming geo-orbital satellite slots (the revenue from which seems to belong to the Princess Royal, not the state);[28] holding a long-term charter on an unusable Boeing 757 that was sidelined in Auckland Airport, leading to the collapse of Royal Tongan Airlines;[29] and approving a factory for exporting cigarettes to China (against the advice of Tongan medical officials, and decades of health promotion messaging). The United Kingdom had veto power over foreign policies and finances of the Kingdom of Tonga. Decades of archaeological excavations of ancient Lapita kitchens and middens (refuse piles) both in Tongatapu and Haʻapai have taught us much about early Tongan settlement. A small but growing construction sector is developing in response to the inflow of aid monies and remittances from Tongans abroad. After an initial voluntary delay, Tonga became a full member of the WTO on 27 July 2007. [13] Their realm contained Wallis and Futuna, Tokelau, Tuvalu, Rotuma, Nauru, parts of Fiji, Marquesas, parts of the Solomon Islands, Kiribati, Niue, Cook Islands, and parts of Samoa. [41] Eight people died in the riots. The pro-democracy movement in Tonga promotes reforms, including better representation in the Parliament for the majority of commoners, and better accountability in matters of state. The highest temperature recorded in Tonga was 35 °C (95 °F) on 11 February 1979 in Vava'u. The most significant impact had the visits of Captain Cook in 1773, 1774, and 1777, followed by the first London missionaries in 1797, and the Wesleyan Methodist Walter Lawry in 1822. Prime Minister Prince ʻAhoʻeitu ʻUnuakiʻotonga Tukuʻaho (Lavaka Ata ʻUlukālala) (now King Tupou VI) resigned suddenly on 11 February 2006, and also gave up his other cabinet portfolios.
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